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Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway01:21

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

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Scaled hydraulic models of dam spillways provide a practical way to replicate and study the intricate flow dynamics of these structures. Often built to a 1:15 ratio, these models allow for observing critical water behavior, such as velocity distribution, flow patterns, and energy dissipation.
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Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

Rapidly Varying Flow

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Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
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Underflow Gates01:30

Underflow Gates

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Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...
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Uniform Depth Channel Flow: Problem Solving01:18

Uniform Depth Channel Flow: Problem Solving

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To calculate the flow rate for a trapezoidal channel, first, identify the bottom width, side slope, and flow depth of the channel. The cross-sectional area (A) corresponding to the depth of flow (y), channel bottom width (B), and side slope (θ) is determined by:Next, calculate the wetted perimeter, which includes the bottom width and the sloped side lengths in contact with the water. Using the values of the cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter, determine the hydraulic radius by...
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Hydraulic Jump: Problem Solving01:16

Hydraulic Jump: Problem Solving

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To analyze a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel with a flow speed of 6 meters per second, follow these steps:Calculate Effective Upstream Velocity:When the downstream gate closes, a hydraulic jump forms, traveling upstream at 2 meters per second. This wave speed combines with the initial channel flow velocity, creating an effective upstream velocity.Identify Flow Velocities Before and After the Hydraulic Jump:Upstream of the hydraulic jump, the effective flow velocity includes both the...
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Uniform Depth Channel Flow01:27

Uniform Depth Channel Flow

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Uniform depth channel flow keeps fluid depth consistent along channels such as irrigation canals. In natural channels, such as rivers, approximate uniform flow is often assumed. This condition occurs when the channel’s bottom slope matches the energy slope, balancing potential energy lost from gravity with head loss due to shear stress. This balance prevents depth changes along the channel length, resulting in a steady, uniform flow.Uniform flow in open channels with a constant cross-section...
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Updated: May 10, 2025

Visualization of Flow Field Around a Vibrating Pipeline Within an Equilibrium Scour Hole
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Capturing Free Surface Dynamics of Flows over a Stepped Spillway Using a Depth Camera.

Megh Raj K C1, Brian M Crookston1, Daniel B Bung2

  • 1Utah Water Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, 8200 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-8200, USA.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

An inexpensive depth-sensing camera effectively measured turbulent, aerated water flows on stepped spillways. This cost-effective method accurately captured dynamic free surfaces, outperforming traditional sensors in certain conditions.

Keywords:
RGB-D cameradepth measurementstepped spillwaystereoscopic visionsurface fluctuations

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Mechanics
  • Experimental Hydraulics
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Accurate spatio-temporal measurement of turbulent free surface flows is difficult with traditional in situ point methods.
  • Stepped spillways generate highly turbulent and self-aerated flows, posing significant measurement challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of an affordable depth-sensing RGB-D camera (Intel® RealSense™ D455) for measuring turbulent, aerated free surface flows.
  • To compare camera-based measurements with established methods like phase detection conductivity probes (PDCP) and ultrasonic sensors (USS).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an Intel® RealSense™ D455 depth camera to capture 3D water surface data under various ambient lighting and sensor settings.
  • Extracted free surface profiles and compared them with simultaneous measurements from PDCP and USS.
  • Assessed camera performance in both non-aerated and aerated flow regions of a stepped spillway.

Main Results:

  • The depth camera accurately captured dynamic water surfaces in the aerated flow region, with mean profiles closely matching PDCP and USS measurements.
  • Flow depth measurements were within 10% of USS depths in aerated zones, correlating with 80-90% air concentration levels.
  • Identified limitations in non-aerated and clear water regions due to transparency and reflections, causing smaller depth readings and data gaps.

Conclusions:

  • The depth-sensing camera is a practical and cost-effective tool for measuring high-velocity, aerated, and dynamic free surfaces in stepped chutes.
  • The sensor successfully captured temporal fluctuations, enabling calculation of air concentration and interface frequency, facilitating direct comparison with other sensors.