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Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity

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Fluorescent Biomolecules Detectable in Near-Surface Ice on Europa.

Gideon Yoffe^1,2, Keren Duer-Milner^1,3, Tom Andre Nordheim⁴

¹Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

|April 26, 2025

Summary

Aromatic amino acids, potential biosignatures on Europa, can be detected via laser-induced fluorescence. Despite degradation from radiation, these molecules are detectable in freshly deposited ice, even from orbit.

Keywords:

Europa (moon)—Amino acids—Spectroscopy

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Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission L.I.F.E. as Novel Non-Invasive Tool for In-Situ Measurements of Biomarkers in Cryospheric Habitats

Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission L.I.F.E. as Novel Non-Invasive Tool for In-Situ Measurements of Biomarkers in Cryospheric Habitats

Published on: October 26, 2019

Area of Science:

Astrobiology
Planetary Science
Astrochemistry

Background:

Europa, Jupiter's moon, may harbor a subsurface ocean with hydrothermal activity.
Abiotic synthesis of aromatic amino acids is unlikely, making their detection a potential biosignature.
Laser-induced fluorescence can detect aromatic amino acids (200-400 nm emissions).

Purpose of the Study:

To model the detectability of aromatic amino acids on Europa's surface.
To assess the impact of radiolysis and photolysis on these molecules.
To determine optimal conditions for detecting potential biosignatures on Europa.

Main Methods:

Modeling the degradation of aromatic amino acids in ice due to radiolysis and photolysis.
Analyzing the influence of charged particle bombardment and ice phase on molecule longevity.
Simulating laser-induced UV fluorescence detection from an orbiting spacecraft.

Main Results:

Radiolysis and photolysis significantly degrade aromatic amino acids.
Detection is dependent on hemispheric and latitudinal patterns of charged particle bombardment and ice phase.
Aromatic amino acids are detectable in freshly deposited ice in high-latitude regions.

Conclusions:

Laser-induced UV fluorescence is a viable method for detecting aromatic amino acids on Europa.
Detection is feasible in geologically young, high-latitude icy regions, even from orbit.
This technique could identify potential biosignatures on Europa's surface.