Upscaling Perovskite Photovoltaics: from 156 cm² Modules to 0.73 M² Panels

This study tackles the challenge of upscaling perovskite solar modules (PSMs) to attain high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) suitable for industrial applications. Through systematic experimentation, a remarkable PCE of 17.68% for PSMs fabricated on a substrate with dimensions of 15.6 cm×15.6 cm is achieved. By refining the cell interconnection design, a geometric fill factor (GFF) of 96.4% is obtained, marking a significant milestone in bridging the performance gap between individual cells and modules. Building on this success, it is fabricated and tested large-area perovskite solar panels (PSPs) with an area of 0.73 m², integrating the optimized PSMs. This work not only demonstrates the feasibility of large-scale perovskite-based photovoltaic systems but also sets a new benchmark for the PCE and scalability of these technologies, paving the way for their practical application in renewable energy generation.