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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Fertilization01:38

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During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...
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Infertility in Females01:28

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...
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Spermatogenesis01:41

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Crossing Over01:34

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...
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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
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Updated: May 16, 2025

Determination of Reproductive Competence by Confirming Pubertal Onset and Performing a Fertility Assay in Mice and Rats
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Human fertility at a crossroad.

Bart Cjm Fauser1, Luca Gianaroli2, Edgar Mocanu3

  • 1University Medical Center Utrecht and University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands..

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Summary

Global family planning policies have successfully reduced population growth, leading to below-replacement fertility rates in many nations. This shift necessitates a greater focus on family-building strategies to address emerging societal challenges.

Keywords:
Access to fertility careFamily buildingFamily planningFertilityInfertilityUnderpopulation

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Area of Science:

  • Demography
  • Sociology
  • Public Policy

Background:

  • Global population growth has been significantly impacted by family planning initiatives since the 1970s.
  • Over 50% of countries now exhibit fertility rates below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman.
  • Declining birth rates present unique societal challenges, including workforce shortages and an aging population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the success of past family planning policies in reducing population growth.
  • To underscore the emerging issue of underpopulation and its societal consequences.
  • To advocate for a policy shift towards supporting family-building strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of global demographic trends and fertility rates.
  • Review of the impact of historical family planning policies.
  • Identification of societal challenges linked to underpopulation.

Main Results:

  • Fertility rates have fallen below replacement level in a majority of countries worldwide.
  • The success of population control measures has led to widespread sub-replacement fertility.
  • Underpopulation is identified as a growing concern with significant societal implications.

Conclusions:

  • The effectiveness of past family planning policies has resulted in a new demographic challenge: underpopulation.
  • There is an urgent need to re-evaluate and implement policies that support family formation.
  • Addressing barriers to establishing families is crucial for mitigating the negative societal impacts of low fertility rates.