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Related Concept Videos

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

3.1K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
3.1K
Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

9.0K
Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal,...
9.0K
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

7.5K
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
7.5K
Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

4.4K
Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
Amide reduction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent, acting as a source of hydride ions. As shown in the figure, the reaction is initiated with a nucleophilic attack by the hydride ion at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
4.4K
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

26.2K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
26.2K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.2K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
3.2K

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

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Efficient Low-temperature Ammonia Cracking Enabled by Strained Heterostructure Interfaces on Ru-free Catalyst.

Pei Xiong1,2, Jiangtong Li1, Zhihang Xu1

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|April 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel strained cobalt core@shell catalyst efficiently cracks ammonia for hydrogen storage at low temperatures. This breakthrough avoids expensive ruthenium catalysts, paving the way for practical hydrogen energy solutions.

Keywords:
ammonia crackingcore@shell catalystsdynamic strain evolutionheterostructure interfacelattice strain

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Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Ammonia (NH3) is a promising hydrogen (H2) carrier.
  • Ruthenium (Ru) catalysts are costly for low-temperature NH3 cracking.
  • Developing efficient, low-cost catalysts is crucial for H2 technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a cost-effective catalyst for low-temperature ammonia cracking.
  • To investigate the performance and mechanisms of a strained heterostructure catalyst.
  • To enhance hydrogen production rates for energy storage applications.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a strained heterostructure Co@BaAl2O4-x core@shell catalyst.
  • Evaluation of catalytic performance at temperatures ranging from 475 to 575°C.
  • Utilizing synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy and diffraction to study catalyst structure under working conditions.
  • Conducting kinetic studies to understand reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The Co@BaAl2O4-x catalyst shows performance comparable to Ru-based catalysts at low temperatures.
  • Achieved high conversion rates and a H2 production rate of 64.6 mmol H2 gcat-1 min-1.
  • Identified enhanced NH3 adsorption and N─H dissociation due to tensile strained Co surface.
  • Demonstrated efficient nitrogen desorption via strain release/restoration, preventing catalyst poisoning.

Conclusions:

  • Lattice strain engineering and strong metal-support interfaces are effective strategies for catalyst design.
  • The strained Co@BaAl2O4-x catalyst offers a viable alternative to Ru for low-temperature NH3 cracking.
  • This work advances the development of efficient catalysts for hydrogen storage using ammonia.