Eating Disorder Risk Among Adolescents: The Influence of Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and BMI

Eating disorders (EDs) are rising among adolescents. BMI, diet, and physical activity influence ED risk, but their interactions are complex and vary by population. Considering sociocultural changes, this study investigated the prevalence and risk factors for EDs in Romanian adolescents. We evaluated demographic factors, BMI, dietary behaviors, physical activity (PA), and previous specialist consultations using the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and assessed the psychometric properties of the EAT-26 in this population.

A cross-sectional study included 423 youths aged 13 to 20 from Cluj-Napoca. Participants completed an online survey on demographics, BMI, diet, physical activity, and previous health consultations. ED risk was assessed using the EAT-26. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were conducted on the EAT-26, and binary logistic regression identified predictors of ED risk.

The prevalence of ED risk was 26.5%, with females having 1.61 times higher odds than males. Consulting a weight or mental health specialist increased the odds of increased ED risk (OR = 3.76). Higher BMI showed a trend in the unadjusted model (OR = 1.06). An initial CFA of the EAT-26 showed a suboptimal fit. Over 60% of the sample reported frequent consumption of ultra-processed foods.

Our findings highlight a significant ED risk in Romanian youth, filling a critical gap in regional public health evidence. Despite limitations due to the cross-sectional design and self-reported data, the results stress the need for measures promoting balanced diets, positive body image, and improved mental health access to reduce the growing prevalence of adolescent ED risk in Romania.