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Updated: May 10, 2025

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UWB Base Station Deployment Optimization Method Considering NLOS Effects Based on Levy Flight-Improved Particle Swarm

Shengliang Wang1,2,3,4, Ming Gao2,5, Ling'ai Li6

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang 050081, China.

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Summary

This study introduces an optimized ultra-wideband base station deployment method to improve indoor positioning accuracy. The new approach significantly enhances coverage and reduces blind spots, especially in complex environments with occlusion.

Keywords:
Lévy flightNLOSUWBbase station deployment optimizationparticle swarm optimization

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Area of Science:

  • Robotics and Automation
  • Wireless Communication
  • Geospatial Information Systems

Background:

  • Traditional ultra-wideband (UWB) base station (BS) deployment methods like rectangular and diamond patterns fail to account for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) occlusion.
  • This limitation results in positioning blind areas, reducing overall mobile tag positioning accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel UWB BS deployment optimization method that explicitly considers NLOS occlusion.
  • To enhance indoor positioning accuracy and coverage in complex environments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized indoor map information to determine BS deployment range and occlusion.
  • Employed a Levy flight strategy-based particle swarm optimization (LPSO) algorithm to solve the deployment optimization problem.
  • Defined the locatable points coverage rate as the fitness function for optimization.

Main Results:

  • Simulation results indicate that LPSO-optimized deployment significantly outperforms standard PSO, rectangular, and diamond deployment models in terms of locatable space coverage.
  • In complex occlusion scenarios, LPSO achieved 19.0% and 22.6% better coverage than rectangular deployment, and 3.0% and 6.5% better than diamond deployment at different NLOS values.
  • Experimental validation in an underground garage showed the LPSO-optimized 13 BS layout improved coverage by 34.9% and reduced HDOP by 81.7% compared to a 7 BS layout.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed UWB BS layout optimization scheme effectively addresses NLOS occlusion challenges.
  • The LPSO method demonstrates superior adaptability for large and complex indoor environments, enhancing signal coverage and positioning accuracy.
  • This approach holds significant practical value for improving indoor positioning systems.