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Updated: May 9, 2025

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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Beyond COVID-19: the promise of next-generation coronavirus vaccines

Reshma Koolaparambil Mukesh1, Claude K Yinda1, Vincent J Munster1

  • 1Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.

Npj Viruses
|April 28, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Developing broad-spectrum vaccines against coronaviruses (CoVs) is crucial for pandemic preparedness. This review explores CoV features, vaccines, and challenges in creating a pan-CoV vaccine for emerging variants.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused significant global health crises, including SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 (causing COVID-19).
  • The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with increased transmissibility and immune evasion highlights the urgent need for improved pandemic preparedness.
  • Existing vaccines target specific CoV strains, necessitating broader protection against current and future threats.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of coronavirus features and phylogeny.
  • To review current vaccines against various CoVs.
  • To discuss efforts and challenges in developing broad-spectrum coronavirus vaccines for pandemic preparedness.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on coronaviruses, their evolution, and vaccine development.
  • Analysis of phylogenetic data to understand CoV diversity.
  • Synthesis of information on existing and experimental CoV vaccines.

Main Results:

  • Coronaviruses exhibit diverse phylogenetic characteristics that complicate vaccine development.
  • Current vaccine strategies often target specific CoV strains, limiting cross-protective potential.
  • Significant research is underway to develop pan-coronavirus vaccines.

Conclusions:

  • Broad-spectrum vaccines are essential for global pandemic preparedness against coronaviruses.
  • Overcoming phylogenetic complexities is key to developing effective pan-CoV vaccines.
  • Continued research and development are vital to address evolving coronavirus threats.

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