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Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2025

Probing the Limits of Egg Recognition Using Egg Rejection Experiments Along Phenotypic Gradients
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Transcriptome-based analysis reveals relationship between duck eggshell color and eggshell strength.

Longxin Wang1,2, Hehe Liu3, Simeng Yu1

  • 1Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Science, Beijin, China.

BMC Genomics
|April 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Green-shelled duck eggs have stronger eggshells due to enhanced gene expression in the liver and eggshell gland. Key genes identified regulate eggshell color and strength, impacting biliverdin deposition and antioxidant capacity.

Keywords:
BiliverdinEggshell colorEggshell strengthLiverWGCNA

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Genomics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Duck eggshell strength is crucial for industry applications.
  • Eggshell color is often correlated with eggshell strength.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic basis of superior eggshell strength in green-shelled ducks.
  • To identify key genes and pathways regulating eggshell color and strength.

Main Methods:

  • RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to profile mRNA transcriptomes of eggshell gland and liver tissues.
  • Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to construct gene expression networks.
  • Identification of key regulatory genes in both tissues.

Main Results:

  • Green-shelled duck eggs showed significantly higher eggshell strength than white-shelled eggs.
  • Genes related to ion transport, transmembrane transport, and liver cell proliferation were upregulated in green-shelled ducks.
  • Specific key genes (e.g., FKBP10, PPARG, MAP3K5, PHLDA1, FLT3, CACNB4) were identified as crucial regulators.

Conclusions:

  • Identified key genes regulating eggshell color (ESB) and eggshell strength (ESS).
  • Proposed that these genes modulate antioxidant capacity and bile acid synthesis, enhancing biliverdin deposition and shell strength.
  • Upregulation of specific gene sets supports the enhanced eggshell strength in green-shelled ducks.