Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

1.8K
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
1.8K
Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

11.7K
Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
11.7K
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

1.9K
The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
1.9K
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

2.3K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
2.3K
Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Cyclic Products: Stereochemistry01:28

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Cyclic Products: Stereochemistry

3.7K
The Diels–Alder reaction is one of the robust methods for synthesizing unsaturated six-membered rings. The reaction involves a concerted cyclic movement of six π electrons: four π electrons from the diene and two π electrons from the dienophile.
3.7K
[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement01:21

[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement

2.6K
The Cope rearrangement is classified as a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-dienes, leading to a more stable, isomeric 1,5-diene. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six electrons, four from two π bonds and two from a σ bond, via an energetically favorable chair-like transition state.
2.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Bismuth-based metal-organic materials: lone-pair-driven structures, single-crystal-mediated synthetic strategies, and emerging applications.

RSC advances·2026
Same author

Diffusion-induced instabilities promote cooperation in eco-evolutionary networks.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Prevalence and determinants of premature or early menopause: a pooled analysis of 716 648 women from 44 low- and middle-income countries.

BMJ global health·2026
Same author

Photosalient and Liquefaction Behavior of Salt Crystals.

Chemistry, an Asian journal·2026
Same author

Microgreens in controlled environment agriculture: a comprehensive review of nutritional optimization, agronomic innovations, and postharvest sustainability.

Biologia futura·2026
Same author

Recent advancements and limitations of intestinal organoids for clinical applications.

Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2025

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
10:35

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

Published on: May 29, 2018

8.7K

Light-driven structural transformations in isotypical Cd(II) complexes: stereoselectivity and photosalient motion.

Uma Kurakula1, Sanobar Naaz2, Sourav Roy3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Kutelabhata, Durg, 491001, Chhattisgarh, India. raghavender@iitbhilai.ac.in.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|April 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Five new cadmium(II) coordination complexes exhibit photosalient behavior, undergoing photodimerization to form either head-to-head or head-to-tail dimers. This study explores their photoreactivity and structural transformations.

More Related Videos

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
10:21

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

8.3K
Determination of the Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of a Hydrazone Photoswitch
09:33

Determination of the Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of a Hydrazone Photoswitch

Published on: February 7, 2022

3.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2025

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
10:35

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

Published on: May 29, 2018

8.7K
Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
10:21

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

8.3K
Determination of the Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of a Hydrazone Photoswitch
09:33

Determination of the Photoisomerization Quantum Yield of a Hydrazone Photoswitch

Published on: February 7, 2022

3.3K

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Coordination complexes offer tunable properties for advanced applications.
  • Photosalient (PS) materials exhibit significant structural changes upon light exposure.
  • Understanding photodimerization mechanisms is crucial for designing responsive materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize five new isotypical cadmium(II) coordination complexes.
  • To investigate the photoreactivity and photosalient behavior of these complexes.
  • To elucidate the photodimerization pathways and resulting dimer configurations.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of cadmium(II) coordination complexes with benzoic acid derivatives and 4-vinylpyridine.
  • Crystallographic analysis to determine the structures of the complexes and their polymorphs.
  • Photochemical studies to observe and analyze photodimerization processes.

Main Results:

  • Five new isotypical Cd(II) complexes were successfully synthesized: [Cd(bz)2(4-nvp)2] (1), [Cd(4-clbz)2(4-nvp)2] (2 and 3), and [Cd(4-brbz)2(4-nvp)2] (4 and 5).
  • Complexes 2 and 3 represent polymorphs based on 4-chlorobenzoic acid, while 4 and 5 are polymorphs based on 4-bromobenzoic acid.
  • Complexes 1, 2, and 4 formed head-to-head (HH) dimers, whereas complexes 3 and 5 formed head-to-tail (HT) dimers upon photodimerization.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized Cd(II) complexes demonstrate significant photosalient behavior.
  • The halogen substituents on the benzoic acid ligands influence the crystal packing and photodimerization modes.
  • The formation of distinct HH and HT dimers highlights the versatility of these materials in light-induced structural transformations.