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Related Concept Videos

Active Transport01:14

Active Transport

344
Active transport is a critical biological process that allows cells to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient. This process requires direct energy input and is characterized by its selectivity, saturability, and susceptibility to competitive inhibition.
Primary active transporters, like Na+, K+ and -ATPase, directly utilize ATP to move ions across the membrane. These transporters play significant roles in various physiological processes. For instance, Na+, K+ and -ATPase maintain...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Drug Absorption Mechanism: Carrier-Mediated Membrane Transport01:19

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Certain large, lipid-insoluble drug molecules that resemble amino acids, peptides, or glucose, require specialized carrier proteins to facilitate their diffusion across cell membranes. This transport can occur through either facilitated diffusion, which does not require energy input, or active transport, which does require energy input.
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Chemiosmosis01:32

Chemiosmosis

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Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives many cellular processes. Oxidative phosphorylation involves two processes— the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
Electron Transport Chain
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Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Fluid Movement Between Compartments01:18

Fluid Movement Between Compartments

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The force applied by fluids against a surface, known as hydrostatic pressure, initiates the transfer of fluid among different compartments. Within our blood vessels, the blood's hydrostatic pressure is a result of the heart's pumping action. At the arteriolar end of capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (capillary blood pressure) exceeds the opposing colloid osmotic pressure created primarily by plasma proteins like albumin. This discrepancy in pressure propels plasma and nutrients from the...
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Application of Electrophysiology Measurement to Study the Activity of Electro-Neutral Transporters
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Chemically Fueled Active Transport.

Christine M E Kriebisch1, Brigitte A K Kriebisch1, Gregor Häfner2,3

  • 1School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|April 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a synthetic system for active transport of molecules across hydrophobic barriers using chemical energy. This mechanism mimics biological processes and could enable synthetic cell feeding.

Keywords:
Active transportChemical‐fuel‐driven reaction cycleMolecular pumps

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Biochemistry
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Biological systems utilize chemical potential differences, like from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to power membrane pumps for molecule transport against concentration gradients.
  • Artificial systems often require complex machinery to achieve similar active transport functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a synthetic system capable of active transport of small molecules across an immiscible solvent using chemical energy.
  • To demonstrate a mechanism that mimics biological active transport without complex pumping machinery.

Main Methods:

  • A synthetic system was designed to transport molecules from a sender aqueous phase to a receiver aqueous phase across a hydrophobic barrier.
  • Chemical potential differences in the sender phase were used to activate transporter molecules.
  • A reaction-diffusion model was employed to identify critical parameters for transport efficiency.

Main Results:

  • The synthetic system successfully transported small molecules across a centimeter-sized immiscible solvent against a concentration gradient.
  • Active transport was achieved across a hydrophobic barrier without complex pumping machinery.
  • Selective transport and sorting of molecular mixtures were demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • The developed synthetic system effectively mimics biological active transport using chemical energy.
  • This approach offers a simplified mechanism for transporting molecules across hydrophobic barriers.
  • Future applications include transporting molecules across vesicle membranes to feed synthetic cells.