Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

1.7K
Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
1.7K
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

93
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
93
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

97
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
97
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

86
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
86
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

236
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
236
Virtual Work for a System of Connected Rigid Bodies01:06

Virtual Work for a System of Connected Rigid Bodies

345
Virtual work is a powerful method used to solve problems involving several connected rigid bodies. When the system is in equilibrium, virtual work is zero. This allows the calculation of the resulting forces when a system undergoes a virtual displacement. When attempting to analyze such a system, first, use a free-body diagram, where an independent coordinate represents the configuration of the links, and mark its deflected position resulting from the positive virtual displacement.
Next,...
345

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mainland diversification and recent island lineages in the reduviid genus Tapirocoris: an integrative taxonomic framework with four new species.

Insect science·2026
Same author

Research on the spectral detection effect and data fusion of small white apricot quality based on different detection distances.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Experiment-based calibration: Inference and decision-making.

Behavior research methods·2026
Same author

Description of <i>Epidaus nanlingensis</i> sp. nov. (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae) from Nanling Mountains, China, with an updated key to Chinese species of <i>Epidaus</i> Stål.

Biodiversity data journal·2026
Same author

Modeling human synchronization to rhythmic patterns with varying statistical regularities.

Acta psychologica·2026
Same author

Psychophysiological Outcome Responses in Human Pavlovian Fear Conditioning: A Prediction Error Analysis.

Psychophysiology·2026
Same journal

Exploring psychological tradeoffs: Developing and demonstrating an R Shiny app for Pareto optimization.

Behavior research methods·2026
Same journal

The performance of Bayesian fit measures in detecting misspecified multilevel structural equation modeling.

Behavior research methods·2026
Same journal

Psychometric functions from multiple responses : Dedicated to the memory of Colin L. Mallows.

Behavior research methods·2026
Same journal

Low-cost, open-source, full-stack software and Arduino-based hardware for control of commercially available animal behavior systems.

Behavior research methods·2026
Same journal

PyNeon: A Python package for the analysis of Neon multimodal mobile eye-tracking data.

Behavior research methods·2026
Same journal

Talking surveys: How photorealistic embodied conversational agents shape response quality, engagement, and satisfaction.

Behavior research methods·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2025

Human Fear Conditioning Conducted in Full Immersion 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality
10:38

Human Fear Conditioning Conducted in Full Immersion 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality

Published on: August 9, 2010

20.8K

The CogLearn Toolkit for Unity: Validating a virtual reality paradigm for human avoidance learning.

Marina Rodriguez Lopez1, Huaiyu Liu1, Federico Mancinelli2

  • 1UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.

Behavior Research Methods
|April 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a virtual reality platform to study avoidance learning, successfully demonstrating how individuals learn to evade harmful stimuli in realistic settings. This new tool aids in understanding anxiety and trauma-related disorders.

Keywords:
Human avoidance learningNaturalistic measureToolkitVirtual reality paradigm

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function
06:17

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function

Published on: January 26, 2024

1.8K
Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm
09:00

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm

Published on: October 3, 2020

3.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2025

Human Fear Conditioning Conducted in Full Immersion 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality
10:38

Human Fear Conditioning Conducted in Full Immersion 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality

Published on: August 9, 2010

20.8K
Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function
06:17

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Effects of Mind-Body-Movement Practices on Brain Function

Published on: January 26, 2024

1.8K
Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm
09:00

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm

Published on: October 3, 2020

3.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Virtual Reality

Background:

  • Avoidance learning is key to evading harmful stimuli, but maladaptive avoidance is central to anxiety and trauma disorders.
  • Current laboratory models lack the naturalistic complexity to study uninstructed avoidance behaviors.
  • Investigating the acquisition of complex motor actions in avoidance learning is crucial for clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel virtual reality (VR) platform for studying avoidance learning in naturalistic settings.
  • To create a flexible research tool, the CogLearn Toolkit, enabling various learning experiments with unconstrained movements.
  • To assess the efficacy of the VR paradigm in capturing ecologically relevant avoidance behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a wireless VR platform using the CogLearn Toolkit for Unity, incorporating an uncomfortable sound (unconditioned stimulus, US) and a plausible avoidance action.
  • Utilized a physically plausible avoidance action and allowed for unconstrained participant movements within the virtual environment.
  • Validated the platform through five independent experiments using an exploration-confirmation approach.

Main Results:

  • Participants successfully acquired avoidance behavior across all experiments.
  • Mean distance from the US location during conditioned stimulus (CS) presentation was identified as a sensitive measure of avoidance.
  • Stronger avoidance was observed for CS+ compared to CS-, with reduced but persistent avoidance during extinction phases.

Conclusions:

  • The developed VR platform and CogLearn Toolkit effectively facilitate the study of avoidance learning in ecologically relevant conditions.
  • The paradigm provides a sensitive measure for avoidance behavior and can be used to study learning, extinction, and reinstatement.
  • This tool holds significant potential for advancing research into anxiety and trauma-related disorders.