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Related Concept Videos

Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

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Overview
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Distribution and Dispersion

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To understand intra-specific interactions in populations, scientists measure the spatial arrangement of species individuals. This geographic arrangement is known as the species distribution or dispersion. Highly territorial species exhibit a uniform distribution pattern, in which individuals are spaced at relatively equal distances from one another. Species that are highly tied to particular resources, such as food or shelter, tend to concentrate around those resources, and thus exhibit a...
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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
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Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Updated: May 9, 2025

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Trans-Atlantic Dispersal and Introgression Explain Holarctic Disjunct Distributions in Vanessa Butterflies.

Aleix Palahí1,2, Aurora García-Berro1, Vlad Dincă3

  • 1Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-CMCNB, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

Molecular Ecology
|April 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Long-distance dispersal shaped Vanessa butterfly distributions. Population genomics revealed Atlantic separation and past interactions, suggesting species displacement drove current disjunct patterns.

Keywords:
Last Glacial MaximumVanessa butterfliesbiogeographic disjunctionsdemographyintrogressionlong‐distance dispersal

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biogeography
  • Population Genomics

Background:

  • Disjunct species distributions pose evolutionary questions.
  • Vanessa butterflies display varied dispersal, with some species showing disjunct patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the biogeographic history of Vanessa butterflies.
  • Clarify the role of long-distance dispersal and species interactions in disjunct distributions.

Main Methods:

  • Population genomics using ddRAD data from 70 Vanessa atalanta samples.
  • Demographic simulations and phylogenetic analyses.
  • Ecological niche modeling.

Main Results:

  • Identified two genetically distinct Vanessa atalanta populations separated by the Atlantic.
  • Evidence of long-distance dispersal from Nearctic to Europe around the Last Glacial Maximum.
  • Detected introgression between Palearctic Vanessa atalanta and Vanessa indica, suggesting past range overlap.

Conclusions:

  • Long-distance dispersal is a key driver of Vanessa butterfly biogeography.
  • Species interactions, potentially including displacement, explain current allopatric distributions.
  • The study illustrates complex interplay between dispersal, climate, and interspecific competition.