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Psychological reactance to system-level policies before and after their implementation.

Armin Granulo1, Christoph Fuchs2, Robert Böhm3,4,5

  • 1Department of Marketing, Strategy, and Leadership, TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Public opposition to system-level policies, like climate change or pandemic interventions, is often temporary. Psychological reactance is higher before policies are implemented than after, suggesting policymakers can overcome public resistance.

Keywords:
mandatespsychological reactancepublic policysystem-level policies

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Public Policy

Background:

  • Governments face challenges implementing system-level policies for societal issues like climate change and pandemics.
  • Public opposition, driven by psychological reactance, often deters policymakers from enacting system-level changes.
  • Existing research suggests public opposition is a significant barrier to policy implementation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the transient nature of psychological reactance to system-level policies.
  • To compare public opposition during policy planning (ex ante) versus after implementation (ex post).
  • To identify psychological mechanisms underlying public reactions to system-level policies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of large-scale secondary survey data (N = 49,674).
  • Conducted six preregistered experimental studies (N = 4,629) across diverse policy contexts.
  • Examined the role of perceived personal losses and societal gains in psychological reactance.

Main Results:

  • Psychological reactance to system-level policies is significantly higher when policies are planned (ex ante) compared to after implementation (ex post).
  • This effect is consistent across various policy domains and intervention types.
  • Individuals focus more on personal losses during the planning phase and societal gains post-implementation.

Conclusions:

  • Public opposition to system-level policies is often more transient than anticipated.
  • The salience of personal losses and societal gains influences the level and duration of psychological reactance.
  • Findings offer insights for policymakers to design interventions that mitigate initial opposition and facilitate policy acceptance.