Analytical approaches for forensic paper comparison and differentiation: A critical review

This review provides a comprehensive overview of advanced analytical techniques employed in forensic science for paper comparison and differentiation, encompassing spectroscopic, chromatographic, mass spectrometric, and various complementary methods. It examines the principles, potential applications, and discriminatory potential of these diverse approaches, including the application of chemometrics and machine learning for data analysis and interpretation. However, the review critically highlights persistent challenges-such as substrate variability, environmental influences, database deficiencies, and validation gaps-which impede reliable forensic application. Enhancing scientific robustness and practical utility through focused efforts in validation, database creation, standardization, and interpretive methods is underscored as essential for advancing the field.