Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...
Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs01:15

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs

Bioequivalence experimental study designs play a pivotal role in testing the effectiveness of various treatments. Key among these are the repeated measures, cross-over, carry-over, and Latin square designs. In the repeated measures design, each subject receives all treatments, allowing for temporal comparisons. This type of design is useful in reducing variability but requires careful planning to avoid bias.The cross-over design, an economical method, involves sequential administration of...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors01:29

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.
Study Designs in Epidemiology01:20

Study Designs in Epidemiology

Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
Observational studies are those where the researcher does not intervene but rather observes natural variations. They include cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Impact of seasons and heat waves on the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteremia - A prospective multicenter study using biometeorological data.

PloS one·2026
Same author

How to evaluate the robustness of causal findings in observational studies: application of E-values and bounding factors.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2026
Same author

Potential biases in observational infectious disease studies: examples using directed acyclic graphs.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2026
Same author

Evaluating hypothetical interventions effects on hospital-acquired infection outcomes with stacked probability visualization: R Shiny apps based on a multistate modelling approach.

PloS one·2026
Same author

Prospective Whole-Genome Sequencing to Identify Bacterial Transmission and Its Modifiers in Neonates.

JAMA network open·2025
Same author

Launch of the 'reviews on research methods' collection.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
12:42

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

9.3K

Target trial emulation framework: mitigating methodological challenges and application in COVID-19 treatment

Oksana Martinuka1, Saskia le Cessie2, Martin Wolkewitz1

  • 1Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|May 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Target trial emulation helps address biases in observational COVID-19 studies. This framework improves real-world data analysis for treatment effectiveness, especially during urgent health crises.

Keywords:
BiasCOVID-19Clone-censor-weightImmortal timeTarget trial emulation

More Related Videos

Dynamic Monitoring of Seroconversion using a Multianalyte Immunobead Assay for Covid-19
08:48

Dynamic Monitoring of Seroconversion using a Multianalyte Immunobead Assay for Covid-19

Published on: February 16, 2022

2.8K
Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
08:36

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

Published on: April 19, 2024

388

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
12:42

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

9.3K
Dynamic Monitoring of Seroconversion using a Multianalyte Immunobead Assay for Covid-19
08:48

Dynamic Monitoring of Seroconversion using a Multianalyte Immunobead Assay for Covid-19

Published on: February 16, 2022

2.8K
Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
08:36

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

Published on: April 19, 2024

388

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Biostatistics
  • Health Research Methods

Background:

  • Observational studies and real-world data are crucial for assessing COVID-19 treatment effectiveness.
  • Common biases in these studies include confounding, immortal time bias, and competing risks.
  • Target trial emulation offers a structured approach to mitigate these biases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline common biases in observational COVID-19 research.
  • To introduce the target trial emulation framework for bias mitigation.
  • To demonstrate the clone-censor-weight approach with COVID-19 research examples.

Main Methods:

  • Summarized key principles of target trial emulation and the clone-censor-weight approach from methodological articles.
  • Reviewed three COVID-19 studies that emulated target trials to assess treatment effects.
  • Defined and discussed confounding, immortal time bias, and competing risks using a hypothetical example.

Main Results:

  • Target trial emulation provides a structured framework to address biases in observational research.
  • The clone-censor-weight approach is a practical method for implementing target trial emulation.
  • Real-world examples demonstrate the application of this framework in COVID-19 treatment studies.

Conclusions:

  • Target trial emulation is vital for robust observational research on treatment effects.
  • Careful implementation is necessary to mitigate confounding, immortal time bias, and competing risks.
  • This framework enhances observational study quality, complementing clinical trial evidence during public health emergencies.