Beyond size: A comprehensive overview of small-volume benign prostatic hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most frequently diagnosed benign disorders that cause dysuria in middle-aged and elderly men. Some patients with BPH have relatively small prostates (referred to as small-volume BPH) but still experience the lower urinary tract infection. Medication treatment is typically not successful in these patients. In addition, their pathophysiologic pathways deviate from those previously observed. Furthermore, as there is no accepted protocol for the diagnosis and treatment of small-volume BPH, patients can experience great difficulties in managing surgical complications such as bladder neck contracture. Thus, we reviewed the features of small-volume prostates, preoperative assessment, surgical technique, and management of complications.