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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation tACS
06:51

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Transcranial alternating current stimulation for investigating complex oscillatory dynamics and interactions.

Samira Barzegar1, Carolina F M Kakies1, Dorina Ciupercӑ1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.

International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology
|May 2, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Non-standard transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) techniques show promise for understanding neural oscillations and cognition. However, current research is limited, highlighting the need for further investigation into these advanced neurostimulation methods.

Keywords:
NeuromodulationOscillationsTranscranial alternating current stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Neurostimulation

Background:

  • Neural oscillations are crucial for human cognition and behavior.
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) offers temporal precision but lacks causal inference capabilities.
  • Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive method to modulate neural oscillations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the efficacy of non-standard tACS applications beyond simple sinusoidal stimulation.
  • To evaluate advanced tACS techniques for investigating oscillatory dynamics and their functional roles.
  • To identify the promise and limitations of novel tACS approaches for future research.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of studies employing non-standard tACS.
  • Categorization of techniques into phase synchronization, non-sinusoidal waveforms, and amplitude-modulated/temporal interference stimulation.
  • Evaluation of evidence for the efficacy of these advanced tACS methods.

Main Results:

  • Non-standard tACS techniques include phase synchronization (in-phase, anti-phase, traveling wave), non-sinusoidal waveforms (composite, broadband, triangular), and amplitude-modulated/temporal interference stimulation.
  • Some studies support the added value of these advanced tACS procedures for neurostimulation.
  • Other studies report opposing or null findings, indicating variability in efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • While non-standard tACS methods offer novel ways to study neural oscillations, their application is currently limited by a low number of studies.
  • Further research is needed to establish the efficacy and reliability of these advanced neurostimulation techniques.
  • This review provides a foundation for future investigations into the potential of non-standard tACS for understanding brain function.