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Related Concept Videos

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
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Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview01:19

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Phase I biotransformation, or functionalization, is a crucial chemical process that converts drugs and other xenobiotics into more water-soluble forms, facilitating expulsion from the body. It involves oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic reactions that add or unveil polar functional groups on lipophilic substrates. Key players in phase I reactions are the mixed-function oxidases. Situated in liver cell microsomes, these enzymes predominantly carry out drug metabolism. They require molecular...
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Supported core-shell catalysts for enhancing ethanol electrooxidation by C1 pathway.

Xiaosen Wang1, Longbo Wei1, Jianyang Wu2

  • 1Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|May 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

High-performance palladium catalysts with a core-shell structure were developed for direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs). These catalysts significantly enhance ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) efficiency and stability, paving the way for cleaner energy solutions.

Keywords:
C–C bond breakingEthanol electrooxidationPd-based catalystsSupported core–shell structure

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) offer a promising clean energy source due to high energy density and low emissions.
  • The ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) in DEFCs is hindered by a dual-pathway mechanism (C1 and C2) leading to low efficiency.
  • Developing efficient and stable catalysts is crucial for advancing DEFC technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize high-performance core-shell supported palladium (Pd)-based catalysts for the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR).
  • To enhance catalyst activity, stability, and selectivity towards the C1 pathway in DEFCs.
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of core-shell structure and composite supports on catalytic performance.

Main Methods:

  • Sol-gel method for preparing core-shell supported catalysts (Au₁@Pdₓ/TiO₂-GO and Au₁@Pd₁.₅Sn₀.₀₅/TiO₂-NGO).
  • Electrochemical testing to evaluate catalyst performance in EOR.
  • Stability testing over 5000 seconds to assess durability.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized Au₁@Pd₁.₅/TiO₂-GO and Au₁@Pd₁.₅Sn₀.₀₅/TiO₂-NGO catalysts exhibited significantly higher peak mass current densities compared to commercial Pd/C catalysts (6.0-6.2 times higher).
  • Exceptional stability was observed, with residual current densities 27.3-33.5 times greater than Pd/C after 5000 seconds.
  • The core-shell structure and composite support demonstrated a synergistic effect, improving C1 pathway selectivity, regeneration, and CO poisoning resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Core-shell supported Pd-based catalysts, particularly Au₁@Pd₁.₅Sn₀.₀₅/TiO₂-NGO, show superior performance for EOR in DEFCs.
  • The developed catalysts offer enhanced activity, stability, and selectivity, addressing key limitations in DEFC technology.
  • This work provides a viable strategy for designing advanced catalysts for efficient clean energy conversion.