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Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS

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Organic Peroxides in Transition-Metal-Free Cyclization and Coupling Reactions (C-C) via Oxidative Transformation

Amin Rezaeifard¹, Fatemeh Doraghi², Fatemeh Akbari³

¹Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran.

|May 5, 2025

Abstract:

Transition-metal-free transformations are recognized as green and sustainable methods for constructing carbon-carbon bonds in organic synthesis. This review describes the application of six organic peroxides, including tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB), benzoyl peroxide (BPO), dialauroyl peroxide (DLP), and diguyl peroxide (DCP), in C-C bond construction, highlighting selected examples and mechanisms of challenging transformations. Each section concludes with a detailed overview of suitable reagents for various coupling reactions and strengths and weaknesses of the reported works. This work aims to inspire further innovations in transition-metal-free oxidative transformations, promoting sustainable and eco-friendly chemical processes and paving the way for new peroxide-based organic synthesis methods.

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