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Evidence that Phenotypic g is Both Formative and Reflective From Four Large Genetically-Informative Samples.

Michael A Woodley Of Menie1, Mateo Peñaherrera-Aguirre2, John G R Fuerst3

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

General intelligence (g) is both a reflective and formative construct. New research indicates g influences subtest performance and is also shaped by it, suggesting a dual nature.

Keywords:
Confirmatory modelsFormativeGenetic gPhenotypic gReflective

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Genetics
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • The nature of general intelligence (g) is debated: is it a latent cause or an aggregate summary?
  • Biometric structural equation models (SEMs) have previously favored a reflective g model.
  • Understanding g's construct type is crucial for interpreting genetic and environmental influences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test whether general intelligence (g) is a reflective or formative construct.
  • To compare common pathway, independent pathways, and merged SEMs using genetically informed data.
  • To investigate the dual reflective and formative nature of g.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of four large, genetically informed datasets (US and UK).
  • Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to test three competing SEMs: common pathway, independent pathways, and merged.
  • Estimation of genetic g using polygenic scores for educational attainment and cognitive abilities.

Main Results:

  • The merged model, incorporating both direct and indirect paths, showed the best fit across all datasets.
  • Phenotypic g mediated 31% to 81% of genetic g's effects on subtests.
  • Evidence supports g functioning as both a reflective and formative construct.

Conclusions:

  • General intelligence (g) is best understood as having both reflective and formative properties.
  • The merged model provides a more comprehensive framework for understanding g's complex nature.
  • Findings advance the psychometric and genetic understanding of general intelligence.