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Glial Cells01:04

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Glia, or neuroglia, are vital support cells that assist neurons in their functions. The term "glia" originates from the Greek word for "glue," reflecting their role in holding the nervous system together. These cells can be categorized into six types: four in the central nervous system (CNS) and two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS glial cell includes the astrocytes, the oligodendrocytes, the microglia, and the ependymal cells.
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Microglial and TREM2 dialogues in the developing brain.

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  • 1IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni, 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy.

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Microglia, the brain's immune cells, are crucial for central nervous system development. This review details how microglia, influenced by TREM2, interact with neural precursors, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes to shape brain development.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The immune system is vital for central nervous system (CNS) development, influencing precursor cell migration and neural circuit refinement.
  • Microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain, are key players in these developmental processes, impacting circuit remodeling.
  • Recent research highlights the critical role of microglial crosstalk with various brain cells during neurodevelopment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current literature on the role of microglia in neurodevelopment.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of microglial communication with key brain cell types.
  • To highlight the influence of the TREM2 receptor on microglial function and target cell fate.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on microglia and neurodevelopment.
  • Analysis of studies detailing microglial interactions with neural precursors, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes.
  • Examination of the role of the TREM2 receptor in mediating microglial functions.

Main Results:

  • Microglia actively regulate multiple stages of brain development through cell-cell communication.
  • The TREM2 receptor significantly influences microglial state and guides the transcriptional and functional fate of target cells.
  • Specific mechanisms of microglial interaction with neural precursors, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes have been described.

Conclusions:

  • Microglia are indispensable for normal CNS development, acting through intricate communication networks.
  • Understanding microglial-neuronal interactions, particularly via TREM2, is crucial for comprehending neurodevelopmental processes.
  • This review provides a comprehensive overview of microglial contributions to neurodevelopment, emphasizing receptor-mediated signaling.