Free energy profiles for chemical reactions in solution from high-dimensional neural network potentials: The case of...

Machine learning potentials (MLPs) have become a popular tool in chemistry and materials science as they combine the accuracy of electronic structure calculations with the high computational efficiency of analytic potentials. MLPs are particularly useful for computationally demanding simulations such as the determination of free energy profiles governing chemical reactions in solution, but to date, such applications are still rare. In this work, we show how umbrella sampling simulations can be combined with active learning of high-dimensional neural network potentials (HDNNPs) to construct free energy profiles in a systematic way. For the example of the first step of Strecker synthesis of glycine in aqueous solution, we provide a detailed analysis of the improving quality of HDNNPs for datasets of increasing size. We find that, in addition to the typical quantification of energy and force errors with respect to the underlying density functional theory data, the long-term stability of the simulations and the convergence of physical properties should be rigorously monitored to obtain reliable and converged free energy profiles of chemical reactions in solution.