Biomimetic nanofibers with cell membrane functionalization for enhanced tissue engineering

Recent advancements in tissue engineering have been driven by the development of nanofibrous scaffolds that replicate key structural and functional features of the natural extracellular matrix. Recently, cell membrane coating technology has emerged as a promising strategy to further enhance the biological functionality of nanofibers by conferring innate cellular recognition, immune evasion, and targeted signaling capabilities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the recent advancements in the fabrication, characterization, and modification of cell membrane-coated nanofibers for tissue repair. The review commences with an examination of diverse methodologies employed for nanofiber fabrication, encompassing electrospinning, melt electrospinning, and self-assembly techniques. This is followed by an overview of advanced cell membrane extraction methodologies and strategies for stable membrane integration with nanofibers. Subsequently, the review highlights state-of-the-art characterization techniques used to evaluate the physical, chemical, and biological properties of these composite scaffolds. Finally, we address the potential applications of these bioinspired nanofibers in bone regeneration, vascular repair, skin wound healing, and cancer therapy, and provide insights into future perspectives and challenges for clinical translation. Our analysis indicates that cell membrane-coated nanofibers represent a versatile platform for next-generation tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.