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Updated: May 12, 2025

X-ray Beam Induced Current Measurements for Multi-Modal X-ray Microscopy of Solar Cells

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The influence of beam parameters on FLASH effect.

Binwei Lin^1,2, Huan Du^1,2, Xiaofei Hao^1,2

¹Department of Oncology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (Mianyang Central Hospital), Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Mianyang, China.

Frontiers in Oncology

|May 7, 2025

Summary

Ultra-high dose rate radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) uses dose rates ≥40 Gy/s, preserving healthy tissue while targeting tumors. This review reevaluates FLASH-RT parameters, confirming 40 Gy/s as a key threshold for the protective FLASH effect.

Keywords:

FLASH effect dose rate pulse structure total dose ultra-high dose rate radiotherapy

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Radiation Oncology
Medical Physics

Background:

Ultra-high dose rate radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) offers potential advantages over conventional radiotherapy by sparing normal tissues.
The "FLASH effect" describes this differential sparing of normal tissues while maintaining tumor control.
Recent findings necessitate a critical review of the established definition and parameters of FLASH-RT.

Purpose of the Study:

To critically examine the impact of various beam parameters on the manifestation of the FLASH effect.
To reassess the accuracy of the current definition of FLASH-RT based on dose rate thresholds.
To identify key parameters influencing the protective and therapeutic effects of FLASH-RT.

Main Methods:

Extensive literature review of studies investigating FLASH-RT and the FLASH effect.
Analysis of research findings, including both positive and negative outcomes.
Synthesis of data to propose a refined understanding of FLASH-RT parameters.

Main Results:

An average dose rate of 40 Gy/s is proposed as the minimum threshold for triggering the FLASH effect.
Different organs (brain, lungs, intestine, skin) exhibit varying minimum single total doses required for FLASH effects.
Increasing single total doses generally enhance FLASH-RT protective effects.
Pulse characteristics (single pulse dosage, width, interval, frequency, total irradiation time) significantly influence the FLASH effect.

Conclusions:

The 40 Gy/s dose rate threshold is a critical determinant for the FLASH effect.
Organ-specific dose requirements and pulse parameter optimization are crucial for maximizing FLASH-RT benefits.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex interplay of parameters governing the FLASH effect for clinical translation.