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Characterizing Gait and Balance While Navigating Through a Virtual Reality Floor Maze.

Jiawei Chen, Pierfilippo De Sanctis, Joe Verghese

    IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
    |May 7, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    Virtual Reality Floor Mazes (VRFM) reveal gait and balance changes during navigation. Harder mazes lead to smaller, slower steps and increased gait variability, offering new cognitive assessment metrics beyond completion time.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Biomechanics
    • Human-Computer Interaction

    Background:

    • Floor maze navigation is a common method for assessing cognitive function.
    • Traditional assessments often rely on completion time, which may not fully capture nuanced performance changes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze novel gait and balance performance metrics during Virtual Reality Floor Maze (VRFM) navigation.
    • To investigate how maze difficulty, defined by decision points, affects gait and balance parameters.
    • To introduce more discriminatory performance metrics than simple completion time.

    Main Methods:

    • Experiments were conducted with ten healthy young subjects in three maze conditions: Control Mazes (CM), Easy Mazes (EM), and Hard Mazes (HM).
    • Gait was analyzed by classifying steps into straight, turn, and spin steps.

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  • Performance metrics included step size, step speed, gait variability, margin of stability, and center of mass displacement.
  • Main Results:

    • In Hard Mazes (HM), subjects exhibited smaller and slower steps with increased gait variability compared to Control Mazes (CM) and Easy Mazes (EM).
    • Spin steps in HM showed increased mediolateral margin of stability versus EM.
    • Mediolateral center of mass displacement was reduced in straight and turn steps in HM compared to CM.

    Conclusions:

    • Novel gait and balance metrics provide a more detailed evaluation of navigation performance in VRFM than completion time.
    • Spatiotemporal gait parameters significantly change with increasing maze difficulty, offering insights into cognitive load and motor control.
    • These findings support the use of VRFM with advanced gait analysis for cognitive and motor assessments.