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From Surface Colonies to Internal Contamination: A Comprehensive Investigation of <i>Alternaria alternata</i> Growth, Toxinogenesis, and Mycotoxin Migration Dynamics in Cherry Tomato Fruit Matrix.

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Routine LC-MS/MS method for quantifying Alternaria toxins in tomatoes at harvest stage and during processing.

Léna Dole1, Noël Durand1,2, Charlie Poss1,2

  • 1Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Avignon Université, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, France.

Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment
|May 7, 2025
PubMed
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A new method quantifies harmful Alternaria toxins in tomatoes. Tenuazonic acid, a predominant toxin, is heat-stable and concentrates in tomato processing residues.

Keywords:
Alternaria toxinsHPLC-MS/MSprocessingtomato

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Area of Science:

  • Food safety and toxicology
  • Analytical chemistry
  • Mycotoxicology

Background:

  • Alternaria species contaminate tomatoes, producing mycotoxins that pose health risks.
  • Understanding the prevalence and fate of these toxins during food processing is crucial for consumer safety.
  • Existing analytical methods can be complex and costly for routine monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a cost-effective, high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for quantifying key Alternaria toxins.
  • To assess the toxin production profiles of different Alternaria strains from tomatoes.
  • To investigate the impact of food processing on the accumulation and stability of naturally occurring Alternaria toxins in tomatoes.

Main Methods:

  • Development and validation of an HPLC-MS/MS method for quantifying alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tenuazonic acid, altenuene, altertoxin I, and tentoxin.
  • Analysis of toxin profiles from various Alternaria strains isolated from tomatoes.
  • Pilot-scale evaluation of processing operations on naturally contaminated tomatoes.

Main Results:

  • The developed HPLC-MS/MS method achieved low limits of quantification (LOQ) below EU recommendations, with good recovery (85-103%) and repeatability (<15%).
  • Tenuazonic acid was identified as the predominant mycotoxin produced by Alternaria strains and found in contaminated tomatoes.
  • Processing operations did not reduce tenuazonic acid levels, indicating its thermostability. Tomato skin and seed residues showed significantly higher contamination (2.6x) than pulp.

Conclusions:

  • The validated HPLC-MS/MS method is suitable for routine analysis of Alternaria toxins in tomatoes, offering reduced cost and complexity.
  • Tenuazonic acid is a major concern in tomato contamination due to its prevalence and heat stability during processing.
  • Tomato processing by-products (skin, seeds) accumulate higher levels of toxins, requiring careful consideration for their reuse.