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Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

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An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
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Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

13.5K
Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
13.5K
Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

14.2K
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
14.2K
Solubility Equilibria03:07

Solubility Equilibria

51.9K
Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
The...
51.9K
Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

19.0K
In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
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Updated: May 22, 2025

Fluid-cell Raman Spectroscopy for operando Studies of Reaction and Transport Phenomena during Silicate Glass Corrosion
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Fluid-cell Raman Spectroscopy for operando Studies of Reaction and Transport Phenomena during Silicate Glass Corrosion

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Dehydration-Driven Glass Formation in Aqueous Carbonates.

Thilo Bissbort1, Kai-Uwe Hess1, Daniel Weidendorfer1

  • 1Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 41/III, 80333 München, Germany.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|May 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Water content significantly impacts amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and calcium-magnesium carbonate (ACMC) glass formation. This research provides a method to predict amorphous phase stability, crucial for geological and biological processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Biomineralization

Background:

  • Amorphous carbonates (ACMC) are vital in biomineralization, volcanism, and deep carbon cycling.
  • Anhydrous forms of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and calcium-magnesium carbonate (ACMC) exhibit glass transition behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of water content on the glass formation of ACC and ACMC.
  • To develop a predictive model for the stability of amorphous carbonate phases.
  • To explore dehydration-induced glass transitions for material processing.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized novel fast differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to study hydrous ACC and ACMC.
  • Investigated the effect of varying water content on glass transition temperatures.
  • Employed lyophilization as a method for isothermal dehydration and glass transition crossing.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that water content significantly affects the glass formation of ACC and ACMC.
  • Established a parametrization to predict the stability of amorphous carbonate liquid and solid phases based on temperature and water content.
  • Confirmed that hydrous ACC and ACMC behave as structural glasses.

Conclusions:

  • Dehydration-controlled formation of glassy ACC is a key intermediate step in the transformation to crystalline CaCO3 polymorphs.
  • Lyophilization offers a viable route to controllably induce glass transitions in these materials.
  • Findings have direct implications for understanding geological processes and biomineralization mechanisms.