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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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Wrapping nonspherical vesicles at bio-membranes.

Ajit Kumar Sahu1, Rajkumar Malik1, Jiarul Midya1

  • 1Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Odisha-752050, India. jmidya@iitbbs.ac.in.

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Vesicle wrapping by membranes is key for cell transport and drug delivery. Softer vesicles wrap more easily but need higher adhesion, with shape and stiffness influencing stable wrapping states.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Lipid bilayer membranes mediate crucial cellular processes like transport and drug delivery.
  • Understanding vesicle wrapping dynamics is essential for biomimetic system design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the wrapping behavior of nonspherical vesicles (ellipsoidal, prolate, oblate, stomatocytes).
  • To determine the influence of vesicle bending rigidity and membrane tension on wrapping states.
  • To identify conditions for the coexistence of multiple stable-wrapped states.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Helfrich Hamiltonian for membrane energy calculations.
  • Employed triangulated membrane models for computational simulations.
  • Applied energy minimization techniques to predict stable vesicle-membrane configurations.

Main Results:

  • Softer vesicles exhibit easier initial binding but require higher adhesion for complete wrapping.
  • Membrane tension influences the stability of wrapped states, leading to a triple point where shallow, deep, and complete wrapping coexist.
  • Vesicle shape and stiffness critically affect the triple point location and preferred wrapping states (e.g., oblate in shallow, stomatocyte in deep wrapping).

Conclusions:

  • Vesicle deformability, shape, and membrane properties intricately control wrapping behavior.
  • Optimal wrapping of soft vesicles, unlike rigid particles, necessitates finite membrane tension.
  • Findings advance understanding of cellular endocytosis and inform the development of targeted drug delivery systems.