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Related Concept Videos

Fixation and Sectioning01:03

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Two basic types of preparation are used to visualize specimens with a light microscope: wet mounts and fixed specimens.
The simplest type of preparation is the wet mount, in which the specimen is placed in a drop of liquid on the slide. A liquid specimen can be directly deposited on the slide using a dropper. Solid specimens, such as skin scraping, can be placed on the slide before adding a drop of liquid to prepare the wet mount. Sometimes the liquid is simply water, but stains are often added...
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Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
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To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2025

Culturing, Freezing, Processing, and Imaging of Entire Organoids and Spheroids While Still in a Hydrogel
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Mid-term morphological changes in Frozenix.

Takanobu Kimura1, Hiroshi Tsuneyoshi1, Shuji Setozaki1

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shizuoka Prefecture General Hospital, 4-27-1 Kita-ando, Aoi, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.

Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
|May 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The frozen elephant trunk stent can enlarge after surgery, potentially causing complications. Careful sizing and long-term imaging are crucial for managing these aortic arch repairs.

Keywords:
aortic aneurysmsaortic dissectionaortic surgeryfrozen elephant trunkmorphological change

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Radiology

Background:

  • The frozen elephant trunk (FET) technique is a standard treatment for aortic arch aneurysms and dissections.
  • Potential radial force and spring-back of FET stents can lead to morphological changes and stent-induced new entry (SINE).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate postoperative morphological changes in FET stent placement.
  • To provide biomechanical insights into FET stent behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 107 patients undergoing FET placement (Frozenix).
  • Assessment of clinical outcomes and morphological changes via computed tomography (CT) angiography.
  • Measurement of distal diameter and stent angle to quantify changes.

Main Results:

  • Thirty-day mortality was 3%; all-cause mortality was 9.69 per 100 patient-years.
  • Stent-induced new entry (SINE) occurred in 7% of patients.
  • Distal diameter enlargement was observed in all 95 evaluated patients, with 62% exceeding original stent size; dissections showed greater expansion than aneurysms.
  • Stent angle increased in all 33 assessed patients, with progressive changes over 3 years.

Conclusions:

  • Postoperative distal diameter enlargement and progressive stent angle changes are significant findings after FET placement.
  • These morphological changes necessitate careful consideration during stent sizing and surgical planning.
  • Long-term CT follow-up is recommended to monitor FET behavior.