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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
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The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2025

A Method for Generating Pulmonary Neutrophilia Using Aerosolized Lipopolysaccharide
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Exhaled breath protein composition in patients hospitalised during the first wave of COVID-19.

Inger Lise Gade1,2, Jacob Bodilsen2,3, Theis Mariager3

  • 1Department of Hematology and Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark.

Journal of Breath Research
|May 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Analyzing proteins in exhaled breath condensate identified key immune system proteins in COVID-19 patients. Protein level changes during recovery offer insights into severe COVID-19 inflammation mechanisms.

Keywords:
COVID-19breath testsdiagnosticsinflammationproteomics

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Area of Science:

  • Proteomics
  • Immunology
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, leading to significant global morbidity and mortality.
  • The mechanisms underlying severe COVID-19 pathogenesis remain incompletely understood.
  • Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is an accessible, non-invasive biological sample containing endogenous proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the proteomic profile of exhaled breath condensate in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
  • To identify proteins associated with disease severity and recovery.
  • To explore the role of exhaled proteins in COVID-19 inflammation and immune response.

Main Methods:

  • Collection of EBC samples from 28 COVID-19 patients at admission and discharge using RTubes™.
  • Bottom-up proteomic analysis of tandem mass-tag-labelled EBC samples via nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
  • Identification and quantification of proteins in 25 admission and 13 discharge samples.

Main Results:

  • A total of 232 proteins were identified in EBC samples.
  • The majority of identified proteins were associated with immune system function and regulation.
  • Levels of KRT77, DCD, CASP14, and SERPINB12 decreased during recovery, correlating with reduced inflammation.
  • Alarmins S100A8 and S100A9 comprised 8% of identified exhaled proteins.

Conclusions:

  • Exhaled breath proteomic analysis provides insights into inflammation and infection response mechanisms in severe COVID-19.
  • Changes in specific protein levels in EBC reflect patient recovery and disease modulation.
  • This non-invasive approach holds potential for understanding and monitoring COVID-19.