The corticotropin‑releasing factor family in the urogenital system (Review)

Corticotropin‑releasing factor (CRF) is acknowledged for its role in stress responses and hormonal regulation, and it has been identified as a critical factor in the urinary and reproductive systems. CRF is integral to key processes, such as waste elimination, fluid balance, reproductive function and hormonal activity. Notably, dysregulation of CRF signaling is linked to conditions such as urinary incontinence, chronic bladder pain/interstitial cystitis (IC), benign prostate hyperplasia and cancer. CRF interacts with related molecules, including urocortins (UCNs), CRF receptors (CRFR1 and CRFR2) and CRF binding protein, to influence inflammation, muscle contractions and cancer progression. Furthermore, CRF influences hormone production and sperm development in the testes by affecting Leydig and Sertoli cells. UCN1 and CRFR2 in the prostate are associated with inflammatory responses and the advancement of prostate cancer. In the bladder, CRF modulates urination, with dysfunction linked to an overactive bladder, chronic pain and malignancy. Furthermore, CRF signaling in the kidneys facilitates normal function while potentially playing a role in the development of kidney cancer. These findings highlight the dual function of CRF as a regulator of health and a potential contributor to disease. Comprehending these mechanisms may facilitate the development of innovative therapies for conditions such as IC or prostate disorders, which currently have no effective treatments. The present review promotes further investigation into the various functions of CRF, with the objective of translating findings into novel strategies that enhance patient quality of life.