Artificial intelligence for children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a scoping review

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a common neuropsychiatric disorder that affects around 5%-7% of children worldwide. Artificial intelligence provides advanced models and algorithms for better diagnosis, prediction and classification of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This study aims to explore artificial intelligence models used for the prediction, early diagnosis and classification of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder as reported in the literature. A scoping review was conducted and reported in line with the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. Out of the 1994 publications, 52 studies were included in the scoping review. The included articles reported the use of artificial intelligence for 3 different purposes. Of these included articles, artificial intelligence techniques were mostly used for the diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (38/52, 79%). Magnetic resonance imaging (20/52, 38%) were the most frequently used data in the included articles. Most of the included articles used data sets with a size of <1,000 samples (28/52, 54%). Machine learning models were the most prominent branch of artificial intelligence used for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the studies, and the support vector machine was the most used algorithm (34/52, 65%). The most commonly used validation in the studies was k-fold cross-validation (34/52, 65%). A higher level of accuracy (98.23%) was found in studies that used Convolutional Neural Networks algorithm. This review provides an overview of research on artificial intelligence models and algorithms for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, providing data for further research to support clinical decision-making in healthcare.