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Related Concept Videos

Control Systems01:10

Control Systems

Control systems are everywhere in contemporary society, influencing diverse applications from aerospace to automated manufacturing. These systems can be found naturally within biological processes, such as blood sugar regulation and heart rate adjustment in response to stress, as well as in man-made systems like elevators and automated vehicles. A control system is essentially a network of subsystems and processes that collaboratively convert specific inputs into desired outputs.
At the heart...
Control Systems: Applications01:25

Control Systems: Applications

Electrical engineering plays a pivotal role in our daily lives, with control systems at the heart of many applications, from home appliances to sophisticated space shuttles. Control systems manage and regulate the behavior of devices and processes, ensuring they function safely, correctly, and efficiently.
In modern vehicles, control systems manage various functions to enhance performance and safety. The steering wheel and accelerator are primary inputs in a car's control system. The direction...
Bioreactor Controls-I01:28

Bioreactor Controls-I

Maintaining optimal conditions within fermenters is essential for maximizing microbial productivity and ensuring process efficiency. This lesson focuses on key parameters—temperature, foam, pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pressure—and their precise measurement and control strategies in fermentation systems.Temperature ControlTemperature regulation is critical due to the exothermic nature of many fermentation processes. In small laboratory fermenters, temperature is commonly monitored using...
Open and closed-loop control systems01:17

Open and closed-loop control systems

Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal and...
Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel01:27

Design Example: Design of an Irrigation Channel

Trapezoidal channels are widely used in irrigation systems due to their cost-effectiveness and efficiency in conveying water. Trapezoidal channels feature a flat bottom and sloping sides, making them stable and easier to construct compared to other shapes. The bottom width and side slope ratio are determined based on the required flow capacity and site conditions. The side slope is kept gentle for unlined channels to prevent soil erosion.Hydraulic parameters in channel design include the flow...
Pipe Flowrate Measurement: Problem Solving01:28

Pipe Flowrate Measurement: Problem Solving

A spray tank system is engineered to uniformly distribute a pest-control liquid across plants by using a pressurized mechanism. The tank, pressurized to 150 kPa, holds the pesticide at a height of 0.80 meters. Liquid flows from the tank through a 1.9 meter pipe with a diameter of 0.015 meters, angled at 0.698 radians, ultimately reaching a 0.007 meter nozzle that sprays the pesticide. Accurate calculation of the system's flow rate is crucial to ensure uniform application, and this is achieved...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

A Multilayer Microfluidic Platform for the Conduction of Prolonged Cell-Free Gene Expression
11:23

A Multilayer Microfluidic Platform for the Conduction of Prolonged Cell-Free Gene Expression

Published on: October 6, 2019

Deterministic Edge-Controlled Precision Fertigation System with Spatial Task Scheduling and Hardware-Software Safety

Ziheng Wang1, Jiahui Chen2, Hongjian Zhao1

  • 1Beijing Research Institute of Automation for Machinery Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100120, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an edge-controlled precision fertigation system that enhances reliability and reduces resource use. The developed system effectively manages spatial variability and intermittent connectivity for efficient agricultural practices.

Keywords:
Kalman filteringRS485 sensorsadaptive controledge computinghardware–software interlockprecision irrigationrobotic manipulatorvariable-rate fertigation

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

A Multilayer Microfluidic Platform for the Conduction of Prolonged Cell-Free Gene Expression
11:23

A Multilayer Microfluidic Platform for the Conduction of Prolonged Cell-Free Gene Expression

Published on: October 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Engineering
  • Robotics
  • Embedded Systems

Background:

  • Cloud-based irrigation systems face limitations in precision fertigation due to network delays and single-point measurements, hindering rapid response to spatial soil variations.
  • Existing systems struggle with real-time decision-making, impacting the efficient delivery of water and nutrients based on dynamic soil conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate an edge-controlled precision fertigation system for improved reliability and resource efficiency.
  • To address limitations of cloud-dependent systems by enabling local, rapid decision-making in variable field conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an edge-controlled system integrating multi-parameter soil sensing, spatial task scheduling, and a 6-DOF robotic manipulator.
  • Utilized an ESP32 controller with a FreeRTOS scheduler for real-time task management, Kalman filtering for sensor smoothing, and hysteresis control for pump optimization.
  • Implemented a hardware-software interlock for fertigation safety and evaluated the system via Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation and field deployment.

Main Results:

  • Achieved end-to-end latency under 38 ms and maintained operation during network interruptions using cached parameters.
  • Reduced robotic end-effector positioning error to ±2.4 mm and decreased daily pump cycling by 71% with hysteresis control.
  • Projected 44% reduction in seasonal water use and 38% in fertilizer demand compared to uniform application, with stable system operation.

Conclusions:

  • Edge-based deterministic control offers a practical solution for precision fertigation, effectively managing spatial variability and intermittent connectivity.
  • The developed system demonstrates significant potential for reducing water and fertilizer consumption in agriculture.
  • The system's reliability and efficiency are validated through simulation and field deployment, paving the way for robust precision agriculture solutions.