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Published on: June 2, 2015
Positive and Negative Verbal Instructions Associated With Sham Ischemic Preconditioning Moderate Improvements of
Hiago L R Souza1, Philip Hurst2, Géssyca T Oliveira1
1Integrated Laboratory of Physiology and Performance (LABIFID), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
Purpose:
To verify the effects of positive and negative verbal instructions regarding sham ischemic preconditioning (sham-IPC) on leg-extension resistance-exercise performance.
Methods:
Thirty-five trained men were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: positive expectation, negative expectation, or control. Participants completed leg-extension strength tests in 4 trials (2 familiarization, 1 baseline, and 1 experimental). Experimental trials consisted of participants' receiving sham-IPC (3 × 5 cycles at only 20 mmHg). In positive- and negative-expectation groups, participants received verbal instructions that would improve or worsen performance, respectively. Controls did not receive any verbal suggestion. Outcomes were maximum number of repetitions, maximal isometric voluntary contraction, and muscle power output.
Results:
Expectations about sham-IPC were significantly higher in the positive-expectation than in the negative-expectation and control groups. Participants in the positive group reported a significantly greater number of repetitions than both the negative-expectation (d = 1.11) and control groups (d = 0.77). No differences between groups were shown for maximal isometric voluntary contraction (d range = 0.05-0.67) and power output (d range = -0.08 to 1.02).
Conclusions:
Our results highlight the importance of measuring expectations prior to sham-IPC, which may significantly influence the results of randomized controlled trials.
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