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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2025

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SARS-CoV-2 Infection Reactivates HIV-1 Replication From Latency in U1 Cells.

Xue Wang1, Weichun Tang2, Jiangqin Zhao1

  • 1Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

Journal of Cellular Physiology
|May 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 infection may reactivate latent HIV-1. SARS-CoV-2 variants with spike protein deletions (RRAΔ) enhance HIV-1 replication and apoptosis, potentially aiding HIV-1 survival.

Keywords:
COVID‐19HIV‐1SARS‐CoV‐2U1 cellsfurinlatency

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) impacts millions globally, including individuals with HIV-1.
  • The effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on HIV-1 reactivation from latency remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how SARS-CoV-2 infection influences HIV-1 reactivation from latency.
  • To compare the effects of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and a variant with spike protein RRA deletion (RRAΔ) on HIV-1 replication.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the U1 cell line, a model for latent HIV-1.
  • Employed real-time PCR assays and Western blot analysis to quantify HIV-1 RNA and protein levels.
  • Assessed host transcription factor involvement (NFAT, NF-κB p65, Ap-1, Sp-1) and apoptotic pathways.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection led to increased HIV-1 RNA levels.
  • HIV-1 replication was significantly enhanced by SARS-CoV-2 RRAΔ variant compared to wild-type.
  • RRAΔ variant induced greater apoptotic activity via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
  • Involvement of NFAT, NF-κB p65, Ap-1, Sp-1, p-TEFb, Jak/Stat, and TLR pathways was observed.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection can potentially reactivate latent HIV-1 replication.
  • The RRA deletion in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein may modulate HIV-1 replication and apoptosis, possibly promoting HIV-1 survival.