Trained immunity-based Adjuvated vaccines (TIbAV) approach: β-glucans as example

The induction of trained immunity (TRIM) has emerged as an approach to fight against diseases. Several β-glucans and vaccines have been identified as trained immunity inductors, allowing heterologous protection for infectious diseases. Curiously, β-glucans from yeast, fungal, and plant species have been evaluated in clinical trials as vaccine adjuvants to combat infectious and non-communicable diseases. However, their adjuvant use for trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbV) remains scarcely studied. In this context, this review brings a scientific panorama of β-glucans and vaccines and offers perspectives on their combination to potentiate trained immunity induction and its benefits. In agreement with TRIM and TIbV concepts, we propose trained immunity-based adjuvanted vaccines (TIbAV) to refer to studies regarding this approach.