Trained immunity-based Adjuvated vaccines (TIbAV) approach: β-glucans as example

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Vaccinology
• Pharmacology

Background:

• Trained immunity (TRIM) offers heterologous protection against diseases.
• β-glucans from various sources and vaccines are known TRIM inducers.
• β-glucans serve as vaccine adjuvants, but their role in trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbV) is under-explored.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the scientific landscape of β-glucans and vaccines for TRIM induction.
• To explore the potential of combining β-glucans and vaccines to potentiate TRIM.
• To propose the term trained immunity-based adjuvanted vaccines (TIbAV) for this combined approach.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on β-glucans, vaccines, and trained immunity.
• Analysis of existing clinical trial data for β-glucans as vaccine adjuvants.
• Conceptual framework development for TIbAV.

Main Results:

• β-glucans are effective as vaccine adjuvants and TRIM inducers.
• Limited research exists on using β-glucans specifically for TIbV.
• The combination holds promise for enhanced and broader protective immunity.

Conclusions:

• Combining β-glucans with vaccines offers a promising strategy for potentiating trained immunity.
• The proposed TIbAV approach warrants further investigation for infectious and non-communicable diseases.
• This review provides a foundation for future research into TIbAV development.