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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2025

Quantification of Metal Leaching in Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography
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Reference ranges for select elements and metals in healthy biomatrices.

Mohammad Hassan Emami1, Safoora Mohammadzadeh1, Nasrin Zare2

  • 1Poursina Hakim Digestive Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Pooya Zist-Mabna Hakim Company, Poursina Hakim Institute, Isfahan, Iran.

Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
|May 11, 2025
PubMed
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This review highlights the need for localized reference values for elements and metals in biological samples. Standardized methods are crucial for accurate clinical evaluations and bio-monitoring across diverse global populations.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Clinical Biochemistry

Background:

  • Establishing reliable reference values (RVs) for elements and metals in biological samples is critical for accurate health assessments.
  • Existing RVs vary significantly due to geographical, demographic, and analytical differences.
  • A comprehensive global review of current RVs is needed to identify discrepancies and guide future research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To consolidate and compare existing reference values for elements and metals in biological samples from healthy populations worldwide.
  • To identify variations in reported reference values across different countries and methodologies.
  • To underscore the need for localized and standardized reference values.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review was conducted using Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus.
Keywords:
Biological SampleBloodElementHairMetalReference values

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  • Included studies were published in English between January 2012 and February 2022.
  • Eligible studies involved at least 120 participants, evaluated at least 3 elements/metals, and analyzed biological samples (whole blood, serum, plasma, umbilical cord, hair).

    • Main Results:

    • Twenty-nine studies from 15 countries, encompassing 26,676 healthy individuals aged 0-80 years, were included.
    • Data on 36 trace/micro/meso/macro/toxic metals and elements were extracted.
    • Significant variations in reference ranges, means, medians, and confidence intervals were observed, attributed to geographical factors, demographics, and analytical methods.

    Conclusions:

    • Localized reference values are essential for accurate clinical evaluations and bio-monitoring.
    • Standardized analytical methodologies are required to ensure comparability and reliability of results.
    • Further extensive studies across diverse populations are necessary to develop comprehensive reference values for elements and metals.