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Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
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Advances in Prostate Cancer Biomarkers and Probes.

Keyi Li1,2, Qiao Wang1, Xiaoying Tang2

  • 1Department of Endoscope, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China.

Cyborg and Bionic Systems (Washington, D.C.)
|May 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This review highlights advances in prostate cancer biomarkers, including molecular, cellular, and exosomal types. These biomarkers show promise for early diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapies, driving precision medicine.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Biomarker Research
  • Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

  • Prostate cancer is a leading global malignancy in men.
  • Early diagnosis significantly improves patient survival rates.
  • Identifying reliable biomarkers is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review recent advancements in prostate cancer biomarkers.
  • To explore the potential of various biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
  • To discuss the role of multi-omics and AI in biomarker discovery and personalized medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of current literature on prostate cancer biomarkers.
  • Analysis of molecular, cellular, and exosomal biomarker candidates.
  • Exploration of multi-omics data and artificial intelligence applications.
  • Review of probe development for biomarker detection.

Main Results:

  • Key biomarkers discussed include gene fusions (TMPRSS2-ERG), noncoding RNAs (SNHG12), proteins (PSA, PSMA, AR), and circulating tumor cells (CTCs).
  • Multi-omics data and AI offer powerful tools for novel biomarker discovery.
  • Development of advanced probes (fluorescent, electrochemical, radionuclide) enhances detection sensitivity and accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Prostate cancer biomarker research is rapidly evolving, offering potential for precision diagnosis.
  • Biomarkers are pivotal for improving patient outcomes and guiding targeted therapies.
  • Future directions emphasize integrated approaches for personalized prostate cancer management.