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Related Concept Videos

Carbon Skeletons01:12

Carbon Skeletons

Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side chains...
Peptide Bonds02:43

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview01:15

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

Carboxylic acid derivatives are formed by replacing the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acids with a different functional group. The most common carboxylic acid derivatives are:
Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
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Bioplastics derived from microbial processes present a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics. Among these, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), particularly polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs), have emerged as prominent candidates due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. These polymers are synthesized by a variety of bacteria, such as Cupriavidus necator and Pseudomonas putida, which naturally accumulate PHAs as intracellular carbon and energy reserves, especially under...

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Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface
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Durable Dentin Bonding with Multifunctional Methacrylated Proanthocyanidins.

V Hass1, N Wickerhauser1, N Desch1

  • 1School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.

Journal of Dental Research
|May 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Methacrylate-functionalized proanthocyanidins (MAPA) enhance dentin bonding interfaces by crosslinking collagen and resisting degradation. This novel approach improves the longevity of composite restorations by stabilizing bonds and inhibiting biofilm formation.

Keywords:
adhesivebiofilmchemical bondingcollagencrosslinkingmatrix metalloproteinase

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Dental Materials
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Enzymatic degradation of dentin bonding interfaces compromises composite restoration longevity.
  • Proanthocyanidins (PAs) crosslink collagen but interfere with adhesive polymerization.
  • Methacrylate-functionalized PA (MAPA) was developed to enable polymerization and collagen crosslinking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effects of MAPA-containing adhesives on dentin bonding properties.
  • To assess collagen crosslinking, bond strength, collagenolytic activity, and biofilm inhibition.
  • To determine the long-term stability of MAPA-modified bonding interfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Adhesives (Scotchbond Universal, Prime&Bond Elect) were modified with MAPA or PA (0%, 5%, 10%).
  • Microtensile bond strength (µTBS), in situ zymography, and biofilm assays were performed.
  • Evaluations were conducted at 24 hours and after 2 years (2Y).

Main Results:

  • MAPA enhanced interface crosslinking without compromising immediate µTBS.
  • 5% MAPA significantly stabilized bonding interfaces over 2Y and reduced collagenolytic activity.
  • MAPA incorporation reduced biofilm formation and maintained anti-collagenolytic effects after 2Y.

Conclusions:

  • MAPA copolymerizes with adhesives, forming a durable polymer-collagen complex resistant to degradation.
  • MAPA-modified adhesives stabilize bonding interfaces and offer antibiofilm benefits.
  • MAPA presents a promising strategy for extending the clinical lifespan of composite restorations.