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Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors
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Using a microfluidic paper-based analytical device and solid-phase extraction to determine phosphate concentration.

Kaewta Danchana1, Haruka Namba1, Takashi Kaneta1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.

Talanta
|May 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a new, low-cost paper device for measuring phosphate in water. The microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) offers a portable and simple method for field testing, overcoming limitations of traditional lab equipment.

Keywords:
Anion exchangerMicrofluidic paper-based analytical deviceMolybdenum blue methodPhosphateSolid-phase extraction

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • High phosphate concentrations in water cause pollution.
  • Traditional phosphate measurement methods are expensive and require skilled operators.
  • Field-based, low-cost phosphate detection is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for field-based, low-concentration phosphate measurements.
  • To optimize the μPAD for sensitivity and performance.
  • To validate the μPAD's accuracy and reproducibility using real-world samples.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) using colorimetric detection (molybdenum blue method).
  • Optimization of reagent concentrations, paper thickness, and reaction time frames.
  • Integration of solid-phase extraction for preconcentration and image analysis (ImageJ software) for quantification.
  • Validation against spectrophotometry for real-world water, soil, and toothpaste samples.

Main Results:

  • The μPAD achieved a detection range of 0.05 to 1 mg L⁻¹ with a detection limit of 0.089 mg L⁻¹ and quantification limit of 0.269 mg L⁻¹ after a 10-fold preconcentration step.
  • Intraday and interday reproducibility showed low relative standard deviations (4.7% and 3.0%, respectively).
  • The device demonstrated stable and accurate results for real-world samples after 26 days of refrigerated storage, correlating well with spectrophotometry.

Conclusions:

  • The developed μPAD offers a cost-effective, portable, rapid, and simple method for phosphate monitoring.
  • This device enables relatively unskilled operators to perform field-based phosphate measurements.
  • The μPAD presents a viable alternative to traditional methods for environmental phosphate analysis.