Effect of cation type on the formation, structure and functional properties of enzyme-crosslinked pea protein gels and emulsion gels
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Updated: May 15, 2025

Production of Elastin-like Protein Hydrogels for Encapsulation and Immunostaining of Cells in 3D
Published on: May 19, 2018
Xiaoxuan Yan1, Shangdong Yan1, Yi Cao1
1Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China.
Abstract:
Gels and emulsion gels were fabricated from commercial pea protein isolate (CPPI) using transglutaminase (TGase) or TGase and mineral ions (Na+ and Ca2+). The effects of the different crosslinking mechanisms on the formation, structure and functional performance of the CPPI gels were evaluated. Both TGase and TGase-Na+/Ca2+ effectively induced gel formation, with the addition of salt ions significantly enhancing gelation kinetics and final gel strength. Rheological, textural, and microstructural analyses revealed that TGase-Ca2+-induced CPPI gels exhibited highest elastic and viscous moduli, whereas TGase-Na+-induced CPPI gels demonstrated the highest hardness and a more uniform network structure. However, the addition of mineral ions reduced the water holding capacity, swelling capacity, and freeze-thaw stability of the gels. CPPI emulsion gels crosslinked with TGase and Na+ improved β-carotene stability and bioaccessibility after simulated digestion. These findings highlight the potential of using TGase-Na+ crosslinked CPPI gels for developing novel cold-set gels in functional food applications.
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