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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Updated: May 17, 2025

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Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Trypanosomatids: The Key to Decoding Host-Parasite Communication.

Armanda Rodrigues1, Juliana Inês Weber1, João Durães-Oliveira1

  • 1Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trypanosomatid parasites cause neglected zoonotic diseases (NZDs). This review explores how their extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate host-parasite communication and their potential for controlling these global health threats.

Keywords:
biomarkersdiagnosticextracellular vesicleshost–parasite interactionsimmunomodulationtrypanosomatidsvaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Trypanosomatids are protozoan parasites causing neglected zoonotic diseases (NZDs) with global health implications.
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key mediators of cell-to-cell communication, carrying diverse biomolecules.
  • EVs are implicated in both physiological processes and pathological conditions, including immune regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of trypanosomatid-derived EVs in host-parasite interactions.
  • To highlight the biological functions of these EVs in leishmaniases and trypanosomiasis.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of EVs in controlling NZDs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on trypanosomatid-derived EVs.
  • Analysis of studies on EV cargo and function.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on EV-mediated host-parasite communication.

Main Results:

  • Trypanosomatid EVs modulate host immune responses.
  • EVs play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of leishmaniases and trypanosomiasis.
  • EVs are involved in intercellular communication between the parasite and the host.

Conclusions:

  • Trypanosomatid-derived EVs are significant factors in disease development.
  • Understanding EV biology offers novel strategies for controlling trypanosomatid infections.
  • EVs represent a promising avenue for developing diagnostics and therapeutics for NZDs.