A Novel Effect of Microaneurysms and Retinal Cysts on Capillary Perfusion in Diabetic Macular Edema: A Multimodal...

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential contribution of microaneurysms (MAs) and retinal cysts to the pathogenesis of macular non-perfusion in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) using multimodal imaging. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 42 eyes with DME were analyzed using color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Macular non-perfusion within the central 3000 µm was categorized by location and extent into foveal avascular zone enlargement (FAZE), focal non-perfusion (FNP) and diffuse non-perfusion (DNP). A custom-developed software was used to assess the colocalization of retinal cysts on OCT with areas of non-perfusion on the corresponding FA images. Also, the presence of leaky MAs adjacent to retinal cysts on FA was verified. Results: Colocalization between retinal cysts and non-perfusion was observed in 32 of 42 (76%) eyes: 19 of 23 (83%) eyes with FAZE and 13 of 16 (81%) eyes with FAZE+FNP. No cysts colocalization was found in all three eyes (100%) presenting with DNP. None of the eyes presented with FNP alone. In the remaining seven eyes (four eyes with FAZE and three eyes with FAZE+FNP), no colocalization was noticed. At least one leaky MA adjacent to retinal cysts was identified in all eyes presented with colocalization. Conclusions: Retinal cysts may contribute to the development of limited non-perfusion in DME. Leaky MAs appear to be the primary source of cyst formation, which may lead to localized capillary occlusion in the macula.