Fundamentals and research progression on electrochemical sensing of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a type of malignant disease that affects the large intestine (colon) and rectum. The CRC is among the causes of the highest mortality rates worldwide, so its rapid and sensitive early diagnosis is substantial. In the last few decades, CRC detection by electrochemical biosensors has progressed significantly due to their amenability and cost-effectiveness. Various electrochemical sensing strategies have been implemented, involving CRC biomarkers, such as protein, gene, or even CRC cells, that play a crucial role in screening tests, treatment, and prognosis. Electrochemical sensors are favored in this regard, owing to their ability to provide real-time, on-site detection with a straightforward preparation of samples. The present work provides an overview from the basic concepts to the recent research advances in electrochemical CRC biosensors for the management of patients. The review covers the importance of CRC detection, an introduction to electrochemical sensors, and cutting-edge electrochemical CRC biosensors. Further, challenges, limitations, and future research directions in developing and applying electrochemical sensing tools for CRC biomarkers are also comprehensively discussed. By consolidating the current research status, the present work aims to inspire further innovation in the development of electrochemical CRC biosensors. The insights presented here are expected to contribute to advancing more efficient, accessible diagnostic devices for CRC in the future.