Habitat fragmentation and biodiversity response: Controversy, attribution, and prospects

As global ecosystems continue to degrade, the impact of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity has become a critical issue in biodiversity conservation. However, both negative and positive impacts of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity have been reported in different studies. The coexistence and exchange of opposing views has increasingly evolved into debates based on inherent positions, which seriously restricts the further research development and the theoretical guidance of biodiversity conservation. We reviewed the connotation and measurement methods of habitat fragmentation, as well as the connotation of different levels of biodiversity. We revealed the academic divergence on this issue at different levels of biodiversity, and found such divergence at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels of biodiversity. We analyzed the reasons for these differences, and discussed the existing problems and directions of future research.