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Related Concept Videos

Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen01:16

Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen

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Oxygen therapy is a pivotal aspect of medical care, particularly for patients with respiratory ailments. Two prominent oxygen-delivering systems include the Venturi mask and the transtracheal oxygen catheter.
Venturi Mask
The Venturi mask, named after the Venturi effect, is designed to deliver precise oxygen concentrations. It consists of a large tube with an oxygen inlet that narrows down, causing a pressure drop that pulls air in through adjustable side ports. The mask is a lightweight,...
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Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

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Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
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Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

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Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
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Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask01:26

Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask

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The human body requires oxygen to function, and when the natural process of respiration is hindered, external devices, including the following, are needed to help deliver this vital gas.
Nasal Cannula
A nasal cannula is a lightweight tube split at one end into two prongs and placed in the nostrils. It is typically used to deliver low to medium levels of oxygen.
Suggested flow rate: The suggested flow rate for a nasal cannula typically ranges between 1 and 6 L/min.
Oxygen percentage setting:...
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Administering Oxygen by Mask01:30

Administering Oxygen by Mask

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Administering Oxygen by Mask
Administering oxygen by mask is a common nursing intervention that provides supplemental oxygen to patients with respiratory distress or chronic lung conditions. This procedure involves delivering oxygen at a specified rate through a face mask connected to an oxygen source.
Equipment
The equipment necessary for this procedure includes:
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Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

146
Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
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Updated: May 16, 2025

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing
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Oxygen-Deficient TiO2-Based Dual-Functional Electrochromic Smart Windows: Achieving High Coloration Efficiency and

Mukhesh K Ganesha1,2, Fuad Seneen1, Poornachandra G Kulkarni1

  • 1Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Arkavathi Campus, Bengaluru, 562162, India.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces cost-effective titanium dioxide (TiO2) for electrochromic smart windows (ECSWs) by creating oxygen defects. The enhanced TiO2 films show improved performance and dual functionality for energy storage, paving the way for affordable ECSWs.

Keywords:
TiO2contact angleelectrochromicelectrolytesoxygen deficiencysmart window

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Electrochromic smart windows (ECSWs) offer dynamic tinting but face adoption barriers due to high material costs.
  • Current ECSWs often rely on expensive materials, limiting their widespread application.
  • Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a promising, abundant, and cost-effective alternative material for EC applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the electrochromic performance of TiO2 by introducing oxygen defects.
  • To investigate the impact of oxygen defect concentration on TiO2 film properties and EC behavior.
  • To explore the potential of TiO2 as a dual-functional material for both electrochromism and energy storage.

Main Methods:

  • Reactive sputtering was employed to deposit TiO2 films with varying oxygen flow rates.
  • Oxygen defect concentrations were controlled between 29.9% and 41%.
  • The electrochromic, optical, and energy storage properties of the films were evaluated in conjunction with different electrolytes.

Main Results:

  • Optimized TiO2 films (338 nm thick) exhibited significant transmittance modulation (55% solar, 47% luminous, 44% NIR).
  • High coloration efficiency (CE) was achieved: 22.79 cm²/C at 550 nm and 26.99 cm²/C at 632 nm.
  • The films demonstrated dual functionality with an areal capacitance (Ca) of 34 mF/cm², indicating energy storage capability.
  • A large-area (25 cm²) ECSW successfully powered a timer display, confirming process scalability.

Conclusions:

  • Introducing oxygen defects into TiO2 significantly enhances its electrochromic performance and coloration efficiency.
  • Cost-effective TiO2 films exhibit dual functionality, serving as both electrochromic materials and energy storage devices.
  • This research presents a viable pathway toward affordable, sustainable, and dual-functional ECSWs for diverse infrastructure applications.