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Related Concept Videos

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

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Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Lithium dialkyl cuprate, also known as Gilman reagents, selectively reduces acid halides to ketones. The acid chloride is treated with Gilman reagent at −78 °C in the presence of ether solution to produce a ketone in good yield.
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Halide segregation to boost all-solid-state lithium-chalcogen batteries.

Jieun Lee1, Shiyuan Zhou1, Victoria C Ferrari1

  • 1Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.

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Mechanochemical mixing in all-solid-state batteries causes halide segregation, forming interfacial layers that enhance ion transport and stability in lithium-chalcogen cells. This breakthrough boosts performance and cycling life for next-generation energy storage.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Composite electrode fabrication is key for all-solid-state batteries but poorly understood.
  • Interfacial stability and ion transport are critical for battery performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of mechanochemical reactions during composite electrode mixing.
  • To understand halide segregation at interfaces in solid-state batteries.

Main Methods:

  • Ultrahigh-speed mixing of electroactive materials, solid-state electrolytes, and conductive carbon.
  • Multimodal synchrotron X-ray probes and cryo-transmission electron microscopy for characterization.

Main Results:

  • Universal halide segregation observed at interfaces due to mechanochemical reactions.
  • In situ formed lithium halide layers improve ion transport and suppress cathode volume changes.
  • Demonstrated near 100% utilization and excellent cycling stability in all-solid-state lithium-chalcogen cells.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanochemical mixing offers a route to engineer beneficial interfacial layers in solid-state batteries.
  • The findings pave the way for high-energy, stable all-solid-state lithium-chalcogen batteries.