Immersive virtual reality for older adults: Challenges and solutions in basic research and clinical applications

Immersive virtual reality (IVR) offers significant potential for aging research, providing a controlled yet ecologically valid platform for studying cognitive, emotional, and motor processes, as well as supporting interventions and diagnostic assessments in older adults. However, its usability can be hindered by age-related sensory, motor, and cognitive changes, which may contribute to anxiety, disorientation, and reduced task engagement. In this narrative review, we examine the challenges older adults face with IVR and explore strategies to optimize its design for this population. These challenges include negative attitudes, sensory and motor limitations, and cognitive decline, all of which influence interaction with virtual environments. Based on these insights, we discuss design considerations such as self-paced interactions, simplified control mechanisms, task-relevant visual and auditory adjustments, and structured training protocols to enhance engagement. Additionally, we highlight strategies to minimize cognitive load and physical discomfort, supporting the development of IVR applications that are both effective and accessible for aging populations.